Construction,Equipment and Maintenance of Motor Vehicle

Q: What is the formula for calculating the stopping distance (S) in meters for construction equipment vehicles?

The formula for calculating the stopping distance (S) for construction equipment vehicles is:

S = 0.15v + (V²/130)

where V is the test speed corresponding to 80% of the design maximum speed in km/h.

Q: What is the control force (F) specified for the stopping distance formula for construction equipment vehicles?

The control force (F) specified for the stopping distance formula for construction equipment vehicles is 700 Newtons.

Q: How should the brake test be performed for construction equipment with hydrostatic transmission?

For construction equipment with hydrostatic transmission, the brake test should be performed with the gear change lever positioned in the neutral position.

Q: What test procedure should be followed for high-speed braking of Category M-1 vehicles?

For high-speed braking of Category M-1 vehicles, the P type, service brake test should be carried out in the engine connected mode at a test speed of 120 km/h or at 80% of the design maximum speed of the vehicle, whichever is lower.

Q: What is the formula for stopping distance (S) for high-speed braking?

The formula for calculating the stopping distance (S) for high-speed braking is:

S = 0.15v + (V²/130)

where V is the test speed in km/h, and the control force (F) is 500 Newtons.

Q: What are the braking system requirements for agricultural tractors manufactured on or after February 1, 2016?

Agricultural tractors manufactured on or after February 1, 2016, and coupled with agricultural trailers must meet the following requirements:

• 1. A hydraulic pump and valve with suitable pipe connections on the tractor.
• 2. Hydraulic piping and pressure lines supplied by the OEM, terminated at the rear end of the tractor to facilitate hydraulic line tapping for the trailer.
• 3. The hydraulic line pressure at the rear end must be specified by the manufacturer in the owner's manual.
• 4. Minimum provision for connecting the trailer brake actuation cable or linkage.

Q: What are the braking requirements for power tillers when coupled to a trailer?

The braking requirements for power tillers coupled to a trailer are:

• 1. The brake test must be conducted with a gross combination weight not exceeding 1.5 tons as declared by the manufacturer.
• 2. The test should be performed at a speed of 15 km/h with a stopping distance requirement of 7.5 meters and a pedal effort not exceeding 600 Newtons.
• 3. The trailer must be fitted with a parking brake capable of holding the combination on an up-slope and down-slope gradient of 12%.

Q: Where should the brake test for a combine harvester be conducted?

The brake test for a combine harvester should be conducted in the forward direction on a dry, hard road in good condition.

Q: What specific conditions are required for the brake test of a combine harvester?

The brake test should be conducted with the clutch disengaged and with the cutter bar trailer and header assembly attached to the reel of the combine harvester.

Q: What is required of the service braking system of an unladen combine harvester during the brake test?

The service braking system of the unladen combine harvester must be capable of bringing the vehicle to a halt within a specified stopping distance when the brake is applied at the standard test speed mentioned in the table below (the specific stopping distance and test speed values would be detailed in the referenced table).

S.No	Type of Combine	Load (Unloader)	Test Speed	Stopping Distance
1.	Self Propelled Combine harvester	-	20 km/h or max speed whichever is less	10 meter
2.	Tractor Powered Combine harvester	-	24 km/h or max speed whichever is less	10 meter

Q: What is the braking system requirement for trailers with a weight of 500 kilograms or more?

Every trailer with a weight of 500 kilograms or more must have an efficient braking system that can be applied when it is being drawn. The specific requirements are:

• 1. For trailers with not more than two axles, the braking system must work on all the wheels of at least one axle.
• 2. For trailers with more than two axles, the braking system must work on all the wheels of at least two axles.
• 3. The braking system must be designed to remain effective even if the engine of the drawing vehicle is not running.

Q: Which types of trailers are exempt from the braking system requirements stated in sub-rule (1)?

The braking system requirements do not apply to:

• 1. Land implements drawn by a motor vehicle.
• 2. Trailers used by local authorities for street cleansing or by the fire service for firefighting, which only carry necessary gear and equipment.
• 3. Disabled vehicles being drawn by a motor vehicle due to their disablement.

Q: What are the braking system requirements for agricultural trailers manufactured on or after February 1, 2016?

Agricultural trailers manufactured on or after February 1, 2016, must:

• 1. Have a hydraulic braking system or an inertia over-run braking system with foundation brake actuation systems, including proportional or control valves.
• 2. Meet the type approval requirements as per AIS:043-2005 specification, as amended.

Q: What are the steering gear requirements for motor vehicles according to the rules?

The steering gear of every motor vehicle must:

• 1. Be maintained in good condition, with no backlash exceeding 30 degrees on the steering wheel.
• 2. Have all ball joints connecting the steering linkage protected by rubber caps.
• 3. Have bolts or pins securing connections effectively locked.
• 4. Conform to IS: 12222-1987.

Q: When must power steering gears be fitted to heavy passenger motor vehicles and multi-axle vehicles?

Power steering gears must be fitted to:

• 1. Heavy passenger motor vehicles manufactured after six months from the commencement of the Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 2000.
• 2. Multi-axle vehicles of Category N3 from May 1, 2004.
• 3. Other than multi-axle vehicles of Category N3 from December 1, 2004.

Q: What are the specific steering gear requirements for construction equipment vehicles?

For construction equipment vehicles:

• 1. The steering system must be maintained in good condition with no backlash exceeding 30 degrees.
• 2. Ball-joints must be protected by rubber caps, and connections secured with bolts or pins must be locked.
• 3. For hydrostatic steering systems, moving parts must be sealed and protected from dust.
• 4. Steering effort during normal unladen operation must not exceed 11.7 kg for hydrostatic systems and 20 kg for manual steering systems, as per IS: 11948.

Q: What are the steering requirements for agricultural tractors?

The steering gear of agricultural tractors must:

• 1. Be maintained in good condition with no backlash exceeding 30 degrees.
• 2. Have all ball joints connecting the steering linkage protected by rubber caps.
• 3. Have bolts or pins locked.
• 4. The turning circle diameter and clearance must conform to IS:11859-1986.
• 5. The steering effort must meet AIS:042 specifications.

Q: What are the steering requirements for combine harvesters?

For combine harvesters:

• 1. The turning clearance circle diameter, when coupled with a trailer for header assembly, must not exceed 20 meters without brakes, as per IS: 11859-2004.
• 2. The steering effort requirement must conform to AIS:042-2004 specifications until the corresponding BIS standard is notified.

Q: What is required for the glass used in the windscreens and windows of motor vehicles other than agricultural tractors?

The glass used in the windscreens and windows of motor vehicles other than agricultural tractors must:

• 1. Be of safety glass, conforming to Bureau of Indian Standards or any International Standards.
• 2. Be manufactured or treated to avoid breaking into sharp fragments that can cause severe cuts.
• 3. For three-wheelers and vehicles with hood and side covers, acrylic or plastic transparent sheets may be used for the windows.
• 4. Ensure the visual transmission of light through the glass is:
  • 1. At least 70% for windscreens and rear windows.
  • 2. At least 50% for side windows.

Q: What specifications are required for the front windscreen glass of motor vehicles manufactured after a specific date?

For motor vehicles manufactured after three years from the coming into force of the Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules, 1993:

• 1. The front windscreen must be made of laminated safety glass.
• 2. Laminated safety glass is defined as glass with two or more layers held together by an intervening layer of plastic materials, minimizing the risk of sharp fragments upon impact.

Q: What are the requirements for direction indicators on motor vehicles, including construction equipment vehicles and combine harvesters?

Direction indicators must:

• 1. Be electrically operated and amber in color.
• 2. Flash at a rate of 60 to 120 flashes per minute.
• 3. Be visible from both the front and rear of the vehicle.
• 4. Have a minimum illuminated area of 60 square centimeters.
• 5. Be designed so that the driver can be aware of their operation.

Q: What are the regulations regarding the fitment of reflectors on goods carriage vehicles manufactured on and after April 1, 2006?

Goods carriage vehicles manufactured on and after April 1, 2006, must be fitted with:

• 1. Two red reflectors on each side at the rear.
• 2. Motorcycles must have at least one red reflex reflector at the rear.
• 3. Vehicles of certain categories with gross vehicle weight (GVW) requirements must also have reflective tapes or markings in specific colors and widths according to their category and weight.

Q: What type of windscreen wiper system is required for all motor vehicles having a windscreen?

An efficient power-operated windscreen wiper system must be fitted to:

• 1. Every motor vehicle having a windscreen, except for three-wheeled invalid carriages and motorcycles.
• 2. The wiper system must conform to specific standards laid down for different categories of vehicles, as outlined by Indian Standards or other relevant specifications.

Q: What is the requirement for the visual transmission of light through the glass in side windows of motor vehicles?

The glass of the side windows in motor vehicles must:

• 1. Ensure that the visual transmission of light is not less than 50%.

Q: What additional reflectors are required for modular hydraulic trailers according to the regulations?

Modular hydraulic trailers must be fitted with:

• 1. Two red reflective tapes at the rear and front.
• 2. Amber reflective tape on the sides.
• 3. Two red reflex reflectors on each side at the rear and front.
• 4. Amber reflex reflectors on the sides.
• 5. The reflectors must conform to specified standards and have minimum areas as outlined in the regulations.

Q: What requirements must head lamps on motor vehicles meet according to Rule 106?

Head lamps on motor vehicles, including agricultural tractors, construction equipment vehicles, and combine harvesters, must:

• 1. Be constructed, fitted, and maintained in a manner that ensures the beam of light emitted meets the safety standards specified under rules 124 and 124-A.

Q: What are the top light requirements for goods vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers as specified in Rule 107?

Goods vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers (excluding three-wheelers and vehicles with an overall width not exceeding 2.1 meters) must be equipped with:

• 1. Two white lights at the top right and left corners showing white light to the front.
• 2. Two red lights at the top right and left corners showing red light to the rear.
• 3. These lights must remain lit when the vehicle is stationary during the night or in poor visibility conditions.
• 4. For goods carriages without a full body at the rear, rear top lights are not required.

Q: What specific lighting requirements apply to construction equipment vehicles with a front overhang greater than 60% of the wheelbase?

Construction equipment vehicles with a front overhang greater than 60% of the wheelbase must:

• 1. Have additional amber-colored implement lights at the edge of the implement.
• 2. If the implement is more than 3 meters in length, additional amber lamps are required at intervals of no more than 3 meters along the implement's length.
• 3. For rear overhangs, additional implement lights must be red.

Q: Under what conditions is it permissible for a vehicle to show a red light to the front or a color other than red to the rear according to Rule 108?

Vehicles may show a red light to the front or a color other than red to the rear only under specific exceptions:

• 1. Internal lighting of the vehicle.
• 2. Amber lights on direction indicators, top lights, or top lights used in specific premises like airports or ports.
• 3. Vehicles carrying high dignitaries as specified by the government.
• 4. Blinker-type red lights with purple glass on ambulances.
• 5. Vehicles with lamps that have a bulb power not exceeding seven watts and are fitted with frosted glass or a material that diffuses the light.
• 6. White lights illuminating the rear number plate, used while reversing, or for illuminating agricultural implements.

Q: What are the rules regarding the use of blue lights with or without flashers on vehicles?

The use of blue lights with flashers is:

• 1. Determined and notified by State Governments at their discretion.
• 2. Blue lights with or without flashers may be used as top lights on vehicles escorting high dignitaries entitled to use red lights.
• 3. Multi-colored lights (red, blue, and white) are permitted only on vehicles designated for emergency duties and specified by State Governments.

Q: What regulations are in place for the location of exhaust pipes on motor vehicles according to Rule 113?

Exhaust pipes on motor vehicles, including construction equipment vehicles and combine harvesters, must:

• 1. Not be located within 35 millimeters of the fuel line connecting to the fuel tank and engine.

Q: What is the rule regarding exhaust pipes on public service vehicles as specified in Rule 114?

The exhaust pipe of every public service vehicle must:

• 1. Be fitted or shielded to ensure that no inflammable material is thrown upon it from other parts of the vehicle.
• 2. Be designed to prevent the risk of fire through proximity to inflammable materials on the vehicle.

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